Inspiring Leaders of the Islamic History (part:2)

 We will start where we were. The great leader is

Saladin Al-Ayoubi

Nour al-Din Zangi Salah al-Din was born into a well-known Kurdish family, and he grew up in the Levant after his father moved to Aleppo to serve Imad al-Din Zangi, the father of Nur al-Din Zangi, and received a high religious and military education, then entered the army of his uncle Asad al-Din Shirkuh, one of the leaders of Prince Nur al-Din at the time Until he proved his worth and became at the head of the Levantine forces in Egypt, then minister of the Fatimid caliph thereafter the death of Shirkuh, to overthrow the entire Fatimid king within years, and restore Sunni Islam to its previous position in Egypt, and work under the banner of Nur al-Din Zangi.

 

With the death of Nur al-Din, Saladin seized his power and acquired his own authority in Egypt and the Levant, from which he set out to confront the Crusaders in Palestine, a confrontation that reached its climax in the Battle of Hattin in 1187 AD. Saladin succeeded in besieging and defeating the armies of the Crusaders in Hattin, and then recovered Acre, Beirut, Sidon, Nablus, Jaffa, and Ashkelon within three months of the battle, and finally, Jerusalem, which the Crusaders delivered to him in October of the same year, after 88 years of the Franc’s rule over it.

 

 

                                                      Battle of Hattin

 

These cities did not remain in the hands of the Muslims for long, however, as they wavered between the rule of the Ayyubids and the Crusaders, due to the disputes of the sons of Saladin over his estate in Egypt and the Levant after his death. The king of the Ayyubids ended in decay, and their possessions passed to the sultan of the Mamluks, the new rising power in Egypt and the LevanSeif al-Din Qutuz

 

It is not clear how Qutuz's life was in its beginning, who is said to have been sold to one of the slave traders in Cairo before Sultan Al-Muizz Ezz Al-Din Aybak bought it in Cairo, where he proved his worth over time and became his right-hand man, then the assistant of his son Sultan Al-Mansour Ali, before he abdicated him from The throne becomes the Sultan in the year after the Mongols enter Baghdad. As the danger of the Mongols approached in the East, Qutuz saw it necessary to have a strong leader in the Sultanate instead of Mansur Ali.

 

 

                                              The battle of Ain Jalut

 

As expected, when the Mongols arrived in the Levant, they dispatched their messengers to Qutuz and advised him to surrender to the Mongolian advance that did not remain on one of the eastern countries. According to several historical accounts, Qutuz cut off the heads of the messengers and hung them on the Gate of Zuweila, in an explicit declaration of the position of the Mamluk state on the Mongol invasion, to begin the harbingers of the battle of Ain Jalut, which is one of the most prominent military battles in the history of the region, which perhaps had the main role in saving Islamic civilization from the reckless Mongolian control.

 

Qutuz's rule did not last long after his victory at Ayn Jalut, when he was murdered at the initiative of Baybars, one of the leaders of the Mamluk army, in revenge for one of the leaders of the Mamluks who were killed during the rule of Sultan Aybak, or as others say because he granted the rule of Aleppo to King Aladdin, the prince of Mosul instead. As promised earlier.

Youssef bin Tashfin

 

In the year 1061 AD, while Abu Bakr, the leader of the Almoravids in the Maghreb, went to suppress one of the tribal revolutions in the African Sahara, he assigned the tasks of leading his army to Yusef bin Tashfin, one of his relatives, who became famous and easily increased in popularity until Abu Bakr decided to transfer his ownership to him after his return. To begin the golden age of the Almoravid state under his rule, which lasted forty-five years.

 

Youssef bin Tashfin, who has Amazigh roots, began his reign with the founding of the city of Marrakesh, which is now known in the Kingdom of Morocco, then expanded to fully acquire Morocco and Algeria, and began his campaigns in Andalusia after the Muslims sought help there due to the increase in European Christian attacks and the fall of Toledo in 1085. Ben Tashfin headed Already to Andalusia, he defeated King Alfonso of Castile in 1086, and succeeded in extending his kingdom to most of the Iberian Peninsula.

Muhammed El Fateh

 He is the most famous Ottoman leader, who sat on the throne of the Ottoman Empire in 1451, and led the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. His rule lasted thirty years, in which he called himself the Roman Caesar, as he was the heir of the Roman and Byzantine king, and the lord of the two lands and Bahrain; Anatolia, the Balkans, the Aegean, and the Black Sea. His reign was known for reorganizing the Ottoman government and laying down general laws for the Sultanate. The privileges it provided to the communities of Venice and Florence merchants in Istanbul was the first precedent for a foreign embassy in diplomatic history.

 

In addition to the battle of the conquest of Constantinople, the Battle of Baskent in the city of Erzincan in 1473, which he fought against the leader of the Turkmen competing with the Ottomans, Uzun Hasan is one of the most prominent battles of Mehmed the Conqueror, which allowed him to finally consolidate the king of the Ottomans in Anatolia. This, in addition to military campaigns in the Balkans, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, the island of Rhodes, the Crimea and the city of Otranto in southern Italy, which he entered at the end of his reign in 1480.

 

 

  Conquest of Istanbul: Ottoman forces in green and Byzantine forces in red

 

Muhammad the Conqueror was known for his tolerance of all groups that inhabited Constantinople, as he gathered Italian and Greek thinkers in his court after the conquest, and he ordered the translation of Christian doctrines into Turkish, and he was keen on collecting Greek and Latin books. The Turkish Republic in the Twentieth Century.